[127], In the versions of the Syriac author Dionysius of Tel Mahre (d. 845) and the Melkite patriarch Eutychius of Alexandria (d. 940), the Damascenes led by Mansur, having become weary of the siege and convinced of the besiegers' determination, approached Khalid at Bab Sharqi with an offer to open the gate in return for assurances of safety. A breach of Muhammad's orders by the Muslim archers, who left their assigned posts to despoil the Meccan camp, allowed a surprise attack from the Meccan cavalry, led by Meccan war veteran Khalid ibn al-Walid, which brought chaos to the Muslim ranks. [148] Modern historians mostly agree that Umar's dismissal of Khalid probably occurred in the aftermath of Yarmouk. They remained in the possession of Ayyub's descendants until at least the late 9th century. [62], The Muslim war efforts, in which Khalid played a vital part, secured Medina's dominance over the strong tribes of Arabia, which sought to diminish Islamic authority in the peninsula, and restored the nascent Muslim state's prestige. [122][124], Several traditions relate the Muslims' capture of Damascus. [161][162] There, Khalid spared the inhabitants following their appeal and claim that they were Arabs forcibly conscripted by the Byzantines. [35] The tribes in Bahrayn may have resisted the Muslims until the middle of 634. [45] The latter faced divisions within his army regarding this campaign, with the Ansar initially staying behind, citing instructions by Abu Bakr not to campaign further until receiving a direct order by the caliph. [116] Afterward, Khalid and the commanders of the earlier Muslim armies, except for Amr, assembled at Bosra southeast of Damascus. [98] The historian Moshe Gil calls the march "a feat which has no parallel" and a testament to "Khalid's qualities as an outstanding commander". [197], Starting in the Ayyubid period in Syria (11821260), Homs has obtained fame as the location of the purported tomb and mosque of Khalid. [116] The trading center of Bosra, along with the Hauran region in which it lies, had historically supplied the nomadic tribes of Arabia with wheat, oil and wine and had been visited by Muhammad during his youth. It is believed by scholars that Khalid bin Waleed R.A. died a natural death because he was the Sword of Allah and it was not possible to kill him in the battlefield as the sword of Allah cannot be broken. After Medina's entreaties to the leading confederates, the Ghassanids, were rebuffed, relations were established with the Kalb, Judham and Lakhm. [98], In the first PalmyraDamascus itinerary, Khalid marches upwards along the Euphratespassing through places he had previously reducedto Jabal al-Bishri and from there successively moves southwestwards through Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn and Huwwarin before reaching the Damascus area. [80], Khalid continued northward along the Euphrates valley, attacking Anbar on the east bank of the river, where he secured capitulation terms from its Sasanian commander. [109] By the time Khalid had left Iraq, the Muslim armies in Syria had already fought a number of skirmishes with local Byzantine garrisons and dominated the southern Syrian countryside, but did not control any urban centers. 24 April 634,[106][115] a rare precise date cited by most traditional sources, which Donner deems to be likely correct. [29] Khalid was a staunch supporter of Abu Bakr's succession. [72] Khalid encountered stiff resistance there by the tribesmen of the Namir, compelling him to besiege the town's fortress. [134][142][143] Khalid enveloped the opposing heavy cavalry on either side, but intentionally left an opening from which the Byzantines could only escape northward, far from their infantry. [103] The span between the two sites is arid and corresponds with the six-day march narrative. [7] He led one of the two main pushes into the city and in the subsequent fighting with the Quraysh, three of his men were killed while twelve Qurayshites were slain, according to Ibn Ishaq, the 8th-century biographer of Muhammad. [45], According to the account of the 8th-century historian Sayf ibn Umar, Malik had also been cooperating with the prophetess Sajah, his kinswoman from the Yarbu, but after they were defeated by rival clans from the Tamim, left her cause and retreated to his camp at al-Butah. [7] According to Lecker, Khalid and the other Qurayshite generals "gained precious experience [during the Ridda wars] in mobilizing large multi-tribal armies over long distances" and "benefited from the close acquaintance of the Kuraysh [sic] with tribal politics throughout Arabia". [130][d], Although the accounts cited by al-Waqidi (d. 823) and Ibn Ishaq agree that Damascus surrendered in August/September 635, they provide varying timelines of the siege ranging from four to fourteen months. [196] The Sur tribe under Sher Shah, a 16th-century ruler of India, also claimed descent from Khalid. [98][101], Excluding the above-mentioned operations in Dumat al-Jandal and the upper Euphrates valley, the traditional accounts agree on only two events of Khalid's route to Syria after the departure from al-Hira: the desert march between Quraqir and Suwa, and a subsequent raid against the Bahra tribe at or near Suwa and operations which resulted in the submission of Palmyra; otherwise, they diverge in tracing Khalid's itinerary. How did Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed died? You must take revenge from Khalid." But Abu Bakr continued to defend Khalid. [2] The Makhzum are credited for introducing Meccan commerce to foreign markets,[3] particularly Yemen and Abyssinia (Ethiopia),[2] and developed a reputation among the Quraysh for their intellect, nobility and wealth. [46] Khalid claimed such an order was his prerogative as the commander appointed by the caliph, but he did not force the Ansar to participate and continued his march with troops from the Muhajirun and the Bedouin defectors from Buzakha and its aftermath; the Ansar ultimately rejoined Khalid after internal deliberations. [155] Khalid's initial force of 500800 men had swelled to as high as 10,000 as a result of tribesmen joining his army's ranks from the Iraqi front or Arabia and as high as 30,00040,000 factoring in their families. [41], Khalid bested the AsadGhatafan forces in battle. Khlid ibn al-Wald, byname Sf, or Sayf, Allh (Arabic: Sword of God), (died 642), one of the two generals (with Amr ibn al-) of the enormously successful Islamic expansion under the Prophet Muhammad and his immediate successors, Ab Bakr and Umar. [6] Lubaba al-Sughra converted to Islam about c.622 and her paternal half-sister Maymuna became a wife of Muhammad. [18][190], There is no further significant role played by members of Khalid's family in the historical record. Khalid bin Waleed R.A. is buried along with his son in the Mosque of Homs in Syria. In fact, Caliph Umar Al-Khattab did mention why he dismissed General Khalid Al-Walid from the army and his post. selama 30 tahun. [85] Shaban holds that the tribesmen who remained in Khalid's army were motivated by the prospect of war booty, particularly amid an economic crisis in Arabia which had arisen in the aftermath of the Ridda campaigns. [72] The Namir were led by Hilal ibn Aqqa, a Christian chieftain allied with the Sasanians, who Khalid had crucified after defeating him. [42] As a result of the victory at Buzakha, the Muslims gained control over most of Najd. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [7] Khalid was then appointed to destroy the idol of al-Uzza, one of the goddesses worshiped in pre-Islamic Arabian religion, in the Nakhla area between Mecca and Ta'if. [12] Khalid was at the head of the cavalry and Muhammad avoided confronting him by taking an unconventional and difficult alternate route, ultimately reaching Hudaybiyya at the edge of Mecca. [32] Islamic historiography describes Abu Bakr's efforts to establish or reestablish Islamic rule over the tribes as the Ridda wars (wars against the 'apostates'). [1], The following year Khalid commanded the right flank of the cavalry in the Meccan army which confronted Muhammad at the Battle of Uhud north of Medina. How did Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed died? [19][22] Muhammad rewarded Khalid by bestowing on him the honorary title Sayf Allah ('the Sword of God'). [3] Khalid's paternal uncle Hisham was known as the 'lord of Mecca' and the date of his death was used by the Quraysh as the start of their calendar. How did Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed died? [77] After Khalid departed, he left al-Muthanna in practical control of al-Hira and its vicinity. [110], Khalid was appointed supreme commander of the Muslim armies in Syria. Khalid was subsequently demoted and removed from the army's high command by Umar. The infantry was subsequently routed. Now, we have got the complete detailed explanation and answer for everyone, who is interested! The Byzantine armies were composed mainly of Christian Arab, Armenian, and other auxiliaries, however; and when many of these deserted the Byzantines, Khlid, reinforced from Medina and possibly from the Syrian Arab tribes, attacked and destroyed the remaining Byzantine forces along the ravines of the Yarmk valley (Aug. 20, 636). [134] Jandora asserts that the Byzantines' Christian Arab and Armenian auxiliaries deserted or defected, but that the Byzantine force remained "formidable", consisting of a vanguard of heavy cavalry and a rear guard of infantrymen when they approached the Muslim defensive lines. [91] There, Khalid attacked a group of Ghassanids celebrating Easter before he or his subordinate commanders raided the Ghouta agricultural belt around Damascus. [133][122], In the spring of 636, Khalid withdrew his forces from Damascus to the old Ghassanid capital at Jabiya in the Golan. [117][118], Khalid and the Muslim commanders headed west to Palestine to join Amr as the latter's subordinates in the Battle of Ajnadayn, the first major confrontation with the Byzantines, in July. This expedition is important because it marks the end of the military career of the legendary Arab Muslim general Khalid ibn Walid, who was dismissed from the army a few months after his return from the expedition. [134][135] The sizes of the forces are disputed by modern historians; Donner holds the Byzantines outnumbered the Muslims four to one,[136] Walter E. Kaegi writes the Byzantines "probably enjoyed numerical superiority" with 15,00020,000 or more troops,[134] and John Walter Jandora holds there was likely "near parity in numbers" between the two sides with the Muslims at 36,000 men (including 10,000 from Khalid's army) and the Byzantines at about 40,000. He was sent northeastward by the caliph Ab Bakr to invade Iraq, where he conquered Al-rah. [17], Khalid participated in the expedition to Mu'ta in modern-day Jordan ordered by Muhammad in September 629. [137], The Byzantine army set up camp at the Ruqqad tributary west of the Muslims' positions at Jabiya. Khalid had them all executed over the objection of an Ansarite, who had been among the captors of the tribesmen and argued for the captives' inviolability due to their testaments as Muslims. [163] Khalid was appointed Abu Ubayda's deputy governor in Qinnasrin in 638. [93] According to Donner, Khalid undertook two further principal operations before embarking on his march to Syria, which have often been conflated by the sources with events that occurred during the march. [39] Malik had been appointed by Muhammad as the collector of the sadaqa ('alms tax') over his clan of the Tamim, the Yarbu, but stopped forwarding this tax to Medina after Muhammad's death. [198] The 12th-century traveler Ibn Jubayr noted that the tomb contained the graves of Khalid and his son Abd al-Rahman. [40], Khalid's initial focus was the suppression of Tulayha's following. [13] A truce between the Muslims and the Quraysh was reached in the Treaty of Hudaybiyya in March. [92], The chronological sequence of events after Khalid's operations in Ayn al-Tamr is inconsistent and confused. [108] According to Donner, the traditional sources' dating of the first Muslim armies' deployment to Syria was behind by several months. [20] The Muslim detachment was routed by a Byzantine force consisting mostly of Arab tribesmen led by the Byzantine commander Theodore and several high-ranking Muslim commanders were slain. Q. Pemerintahan Khulafaur Rasyidin yang dimulai dari khalifah Abu Bakar As Sidiq, Umar bin Khattab, Usman bin Affan dan Ali Bin Abi Thalib. This is a question our experts keep getting from time to time. [46], According to the most common account in the Muslim traditional sources, Khalid's army encountered Malik and eleven of his clansmen from the Yarbu in 632. [71], From Ubulla's vicinity, Khalid marched up the western bank of the Euphrates where he clashed with the small Sasanian garrisons who guarded the Iraqi frontier from nomadic incursions. [105], Most traditional accounts have the first Muslim armies deploy to Syria from Medina at the beginning of 13 AH (early spring 634). [84] According to Shaban, it is unclear if Khalid requested or received Abu Bakr's sanction to raid Iraq or ignored objections by the caliph. 616618. [140], Khalid split his cavalry into two main groups, each positioned behind the Muslims' right and left infantry wings to protect his forces from a potential envelopment by the Byzantine heavy cavalry. Watt agrees with the Islamic characterization of the tribal opposition as anti-Islamic in nature, while Julius Wellhausen and C. H. Becker hold the tribes were opposed to the tax obligations to Medina rather than Islam as a religion. [37][60] Mujja'a had the women and children of the tribe dress and pose as men at the openings of the forts in a ruse to boost their leverage with Khalid;[37] he relayed to Khalid that the Hanifa still counted numerous warriors determined to continue the fight against the Muslims. In 638, at the zenith of his career, he was dismissed from military services. [140] He followed up with a nighttime operation in which he seized the Ruqqad bridge, the only viable withdrawal route for the Byzantines. He later became a Muslim and spent the remainder of his career in service to Muhammad and the first two Rashidun caliphs: Abu Bakr and Umar. [1] After Muhammad emigrated from Mecca to Medina in 622, the Makhzum under Abu Jahl commanded the war against him until they were routed at the Battle of Badr in 624. The most famous historical report on Khalid b. Walid is about his behavior toward Malik b. Nuwayra, a companion of Prophet Muhammad (s). He was a man built for war, a military genius who had a sharp strategic mind, brilliant tactical skills and the strength and endurance to go up against . [115] Bosra capitulated in late May 634, making it the first major city in Syria to fall to the Muslims. [128] Although several versions of Khalid's treaty were recorded in the early Muslim and Christian sources,[c] they generally concur that the inhabitants' lives, properties and churches were to be safeguarded, in return for their payment of the jizya (poll tax). Khalid ibn AI-Waleed [ranhu] "The Sword of Allah" (d. 21 A.H.) It is reported that Prophet Muhammad [saw] said, 'The better ones of you in the Days of Ignorance are the better ones of you in Islam when they understand ( the religion ).". Q. Aku pernah menuntut ilmu di sekolah menengah atas kristen dago, kemudian aku melanjutkan kuliah . I feared that the people would rely on him. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. khalid bin walid. Khalid bin Waleed R.A. is buried along with his son in the Mosque of Homs in Syria. Was Hazrat Umar a good . Abu Bakr said: "Do you want me to put the sword to sleep? [153] Medina's lack of a regular standing army, the need to redeploy fighters to other fronts, and the Byzantine threat to Muslim gains in Syria all required the establishment of a defense structure based on the older-established Arab tribes in Syria, which had served as confederates of Byzantium. Khalid's father was al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, an arbitrator of local disputes in Mecca in the Hejaz (western Arabia). [29] The Ansar (lit. [180] Athamina considers these all to be "no more than latter-day expressions of sympathy on the part of subsequent generations for the heroic character of Khalid as portrayed by Islamic tradition". [194] A female line of descent may have survived and was claimed by the 15th-century Sufi religious leader Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi of Homs. why was khalid bin walid dismissed? [70] Donner accepts the town's conquest by Utba "somewhat later than 634" is the more likely scenario, though the historian Khalid Yahya Blankinship argues "Khlid at least may have led a raid there although [Utbah] actually reduced the area". Corrections? [26], Later in 630, while Muhammad was at Tabuk, he dispatched Khalid to capture the oasis market town of Dumat al-Jandal. [187] Following Abd al-Rahman's death in 666, allegedly as a result of poisoning ordered by Mu'awiya, Muhajir's son Khalid attempted to take revenge for his uncle's slaying and was arrested, but Mu'awiya later released him after Khalid paid the blood money. [143] According to the 9th-century Byzantine historian Theophanes, the Byzantine infantry mutinied under Vahan, possibly in light of Theodore's failure to counter the attack on the cavalry. [148] Muir, Becker, Stratos and Philip K. Hitti have proposed that Khalid was ultimately dismissed because the Muslim gains in Syria in the aftermath of Yarmouk required the replacement of a military commander at the helm with a capable administrator such as Abu Ubayda. The "Sharia" of Khalid ibn al-Walid was focused on his own personal wealth and power. [27] The historian Laura Veccia Vaglieri calls their assessment "logical" and writes that "it seems impossible that Khlid could have made such a detour which would have taken him so far out of his way while delaying the accomplishment of his mission [to join the Muslim armies in Syria]". In 627 or 629, he converted to Islam in the presence of Muhammad, who inducted him as an official military commander among the Muslims and gave him the title of Sayf Allah (lit. [11], In 628 Muhammad and his followers headed for Mecca to perform the umra (lesser pilgrimage to Mecca) and the Quraysh dispatched 200 cavalry to intercept him upon hearing of his departure. [175] According to the Muslim jurist al-Zuhri (d. 742), before his death in 639, Abu Ubayda appointed Khalid and Iyad ibn Ghanm as his successors,[176] but Umar confirmed only Iyad as governor of the HomsQinnasrinJazira district and appointed Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan governor over the rest of Syria, namely the districts of Damascus, Jordan and Palestine. [12], In the year 6 AH (c.627) or 8 AH (c.629) Khalid embraced Islam in Muhammad's presence alongside the Qurayshite Amr ibn al-As;[14] the modern historian Michael Lecker comments that the accounts holding that Khalid and Amr converted in 8 AH are "perhaps more trustworthy". [7], With the Yamama pacified, Khalid marched northward toward Sasanian territory in Iraq (lower Mesopotamia). It most likely occurred in the autumn of 633, which better conforms with the anonymous Syriac Chronicle of 724, which dates the first clash between the Muslim armies and the Byzantines to February 634. Khalid ibn Walid is essentially unknown outside of the Muslim world despit. One group advocated for a companion closer in kinship to Muhammad, namely his cousin Ali, while another group, backed by new converts among the Qurayshite aristocracy, rallied behind Abu Bakr. [122] Khalid advanced,[122] possibly besting a Byzantine unit at the Marj al-Suffar plain before besieging the city. [70] After besting the city's Persian cavalry under the commander Azadhbih in minor clashes, Khalid and part of his army entered the unwalled city. [24] Khalid commanded the Bedouin Banu Sulaym in the Muslims' vanguard at the Battle of Hunayn later that year. [149] The caliph appointed Abu Ubayda to Khalid's place, reassigned his troops to the remaining Muslim commanders and subordinated Khalid under the command of one of Abu Ubayda's lieutenants; a later order deployed the bulk of Khalid's former troops to Iraq. [97] This phase entailed Khalid and his mennumbering between 500 to 800 strong[98]marching from a well called Quraqir across a vast stretch of waterless desert for six days and five nights until reaching a source of water at a place called Suwa. [58] Khalid heeded the counsel of the Ansarite Thabit ibn Qays to exclude the Bedouins from the next fight. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [97] Kennedy notes the sources are "equally certain" in their advocacy of their respective itineraries and there is "simply no knowing which version is correct". [25] According to the historian W. Montgomery Watt, the traditional account about the Jadhima incident "is hardly more than a circumstantial denigration of Khlid, and yields little solid historical fact". [57] The 12th-century historian Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi holds that the armies of Khalid and Musaylima respectively stood at 4,500 and 4,000. [53] Abu Bakr had dispatched Shurahbil ibn Hasana and Khalid's cousin Ikrima with an army to reinforce the Muslim governor in the Yamama, Musaylima's tribal kinsman Thumama ibn Uthal. [104], The historian Ryan J. Lynch deems Khalid's desert march to be a literary construct by the authors of the Islamic tradition to form a narrative linking the Muslim conquests of Iraq and Syria and presenting the conquests as "a well-calculated, singular affair" in line with the authors' alleged polemical motives. [43] His tribe, the Asad, subsequently submitted to Khalid, followed by the hitherto neutral Banu Amir, which had awaited the results of the conflict before giving its allegiance to either side. [72] The Arab nobility of al-Hira surrendered in an agreement with Khalid whereby the city paid a tribute in return for assurances that al-Hira's churches and palaces would not be disturbed. Routing the Byzantine armies, he surrounded Damascus, which surrendered on Sept. 4, 635, and pushed northward. [179] Kennedy notes that "his reputation as a great general has lasted through the generations and streets are named after him all over the Arab world". After the death of Muhammad, Khlid recaptured a number of provinces that were breaking away from Islam. [186] Their son Abd al-Rahman became a reputable commander in the ArabByzantine wars and a close aide of Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, the governor of Syria and later founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, serving as the latter's deputy governor of the HomsQinnasrinJazira district. [105] Lynch holds that the story of the march, which "would have excited and entertained" Muslim audiences, was created out of "fragments of social memory" by inhabitants who attributed the conquests of their towns or areas to Khalid as a means "to earn a certain degree of prestige through association" with the "famous general". [156] Athamina concludes Umar dismissed Khalid and recalled his troops from Syria as an overture to the Kalb and their allies. [123] Khalid and his men scaled the city's eastern walls and killed the guards and other defenders at Bab Sharqi. [146] In Gil's view, Khalid's withdrawal before the army of Heraclius, the evacuation of Damascus and the counter-movement on the Yarmouk tributaries "are evidence of his excellent organising ability and his skill at manoeuvring on the battlefield". [44], After Buzakha, Khalid proceeded against the rebel Tamimite chieftain Malik ibn Nuwayra headquartered in al-Butah, in the present-day Qassim region. 5. [1] Al-Walid is identified by the historians Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Durayd (d. 837) and Ibn Habib (d. 859) as the "derider" of the Islamic prophet Muhammad mentioned in the Meccan suras (chapters) of the Qur'an. [113], Khalid reached the meadow of Marj Rahit north of Damascus after his army's trek across the desert. [139] The area spanned high hilltops, water sources, critical routes connecting Damascus to the Galilee and historic pastures of the Ghassanids. [191][e], The family of the 12th-century Arab poet Ibn al-Qaysarani claimed descent from Muhajir ibn Khalid, though the 13th-century historian Ibn Khallikan notes the claim contradicted the consensus of Arabic historians and genealogists that Khalid's line of descent terminated in the early Islamic period. [40] Athamina notes hints in the traditional sources that Khalid initiated the campaign unilaterally, implying that the return of the Muhajirun in Khalid's ranks to Medina following Musaylima's defeat likely represented their protest of Khalid's ambitions in Iraq. June 22, 2022; list of borana abba gada; alton funeral home; why was khalid bin walid dismissed? Omissions? [154] These tribes likely considered the large numbers of outside Arab tribesmen in Khalid's army as a threat to their political and economic power. [55] Ikrima was repelled by Musaylima's forces and thereafter instructed by Abu Bakr to quell rebellions in Oman and Mahra (central southern Arabia) while Shurahbil was to remain in the Yamama in expectation of Khalid's large army. [126][131] The treaty probably served as the model for the capitulation agreements made throughout Syria, as well Iraq and Egypt, during the early Muslim conquests. [122][124] A sixth contingent positioned at Barzeh immediately north of Damascus repulsed relief troops dispatched by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius (r. [47], Following a series of setbacks in her conflict with rival Tamim factions, Sajah joined the strongest opponent of the Muslims: Musaylima, the leader of the sedentary Banu Hanifa tribe in the Yamama,[35][37] the agricultural eastern borderlands of Najd. [93], In the Dumat al-Jandal campaign, Khalid was instructed by Abu Bakr or requested by one of the commanders of the campaign, al-Walid ibn Uqba, to reinforce the lead commander Iyad ibn Ghanm's faltering siege of the oasis town. Updates? [140] Khalid and his cavalries used the opportunity to pierce the Byzantines' left flank, taking advantage of the gap between the Byzantine infantry and cavalry. [63][64] He reorganized his army, possibly because the bulk of the Muhajirun may have withdrawn to Medina. [60] Abu Bakr ratified the treaty, though he remained opposed to Khalid's concessions and warned that the Hanifa would remain eternally faithful to Musaylima. [187][188] Another son of Khalid, Muhajir, was a supporter of Ali, who reigned as caliph in 656661, and died fighting Mu'awiya's army at the Battle of Siffin in 657 during the First Muslim Civil War. [174] In the account of Ibn Asakir, Umar declared at a council of the Muslim army at Jabiya in 638 that Khalid was dismissed for lavishing war spoils on war heroes, tribal nobles and poets instead of reserving the sums for needy Muslims. [164] He and Iyad ibn Ghanm then launched the first Muslim raid into Byzantine Anatolia. [169], According to Sayf ibn Umar, later in 638 Khalid was rumored to have lavishly distributed war spoils from his northern Syrian campaigns, including a sum to the Kindite nobleman al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. In 2013, the Syrian army destroyed Khalid ibn al Walid's grave during their bombardment and siege of the rebel city of Homs. These engagements collectively precipitated the retreat of imperial Byzantine troops from Syria under Emperor Heraclius. [3] Contents 1 Early life 2 Muhammad's era (610-632) 2.1 Conversion to Islam 2.2 Military Campaigns during Muhammad's (SAAW) era He is a grandson of King Saud of Saudi Arabia on his mother's side and he is a great-grandson of King Abdulaziz, the founder of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, on both his . SURVEY . [180] In Islamic literary narratives, Umar expresses remorse over dismissing Khalid and the women of Medina mourn his death en masse. Pada masanya banyak kebijakan yang menyebabkan umat islam mangalami kemajuan.