As of June 11, 2021, approximately 296 million doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines had been administered in the United States, with 52 million administered to persons aged 1229 years; of these, 30 million were first and 22 million were second doses. (Jolygon/iStock via Getty Images) The risk of developing myocarditis - an inflammation of the heart muscle - following a booster dose of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine is low, according to new research from Israel. Myocarditis. ACIP recommendations for all COVID-19 vaccines are available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/vacc-specific/covid-19.html. Main outcomes and measures: Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.53845. Posts making claims regarding the mortality rate of children diagnosed with COVID-19-linked myocarditis are viewable here, here. Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle; if it is accompanied by pericarditis, an inflammation of the thin tissue surrounding the heart (the pericardium), it is referred to as myopericarditis. Expected rates of myocarditis by age and sex were calculated using 2017-2019 claims data. 2023 Mar 2:1-14. doi: 10.1007/s13181-023-00931-9. ACIP also reviewed population-level considerations regarding vaccination. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The text reads: "Myocarditis is irreversible. mmwrq@cdc.gov. Key factors to consider are the current rates of COVID-19 infection, the childs overall health, and the parents assessment of risks. In the past few weeks, anti-vaxxers have rallied behind a nonpeer-reviewed study by a group of Canadian researchers as evidence against COVID-19 vaccines. Importance: The EUA fact sheets should be provided before vaccination; in addition, CDC has developed patient and provider education materials about the possibility of myocarditis and symptoms of concern, to ensure prompt recognition and management of myocarditis. Myocarditis is a rare complication of COVID-19 vaccination. Both Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines are mRNA vaccines encoding the stabilized prefusion spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Symptoms typically include chest pain, dyspnea, or palpitations, although other symptoms might be present, especially in younger children (3). JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e2116420. Myocarditis Following Immunization With mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Members of the US Military. In a Danish study preceding Covid-19 of 753 autopsied sudden death cases, the cause of death was myocarditis in 42 (6%) cases corresponding to an SCD-myocarditis incidence of 0.16 (95%CI: 0.11-0.21) per 100 000 person-years, but males had significantly higher incidence rates of SCD-myocarditis compared to females with an incidence rate ratio of . Accessibility Patel, T., Kelleman, West, Z., M., Peter, A., Dove, M., Butto, A., & Oster, M. E. (2021). Higher levels of vaccination coverage can reduce community transmission, which can protect against development and circulation of emerging variants. Am J Cardiol 2021;149:95102. Most people recover fully with rest and a few days of supportive treatment while being monitored in a hospital. CDC and its partners are actively monitoring reports of myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. More information is available, Travel requirements to enter the United States are changing, starting November 8, 2021. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help A., & American Heart Association Pediatric Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee of the Council on Lifelong Congenital Heart Disease and Heart Health in the Young and Stroke Council (2021). **** The risks were assessed as the number of myocarditis patients reported to VAERS that occurred within 7 days of receipt of a second dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine per million second doses administered through the week of June 11, 2021. The benefit-risk assessment was stratified by age group and sex. Of the nearly 21 million women, 7.2 million (34%) were younger than age 40, and a slightly increased risk of myocarditis was found among this younger age group after receiving a second dose of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine: 7 estimated extra cases of myocarditis for every one million women vaccinated. myocarditis and pericarditis and the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, made by Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech, in some vaccine recipients. This term may be used for patients who meet criteria for both myocarditis and pericarditis. <> Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies FLEG: Yes, but this is rare, and the symptoms are usually mild. FLEG: The bottom line is this: The benefits of getting vaccinated markedly outweigh the very small risk of vaccine-related myocarditis. Data from a government agency's safety monitoring system in that month suggested a rate of 12.6 cases of heart inflammation per million in 12-to 39-year-olds. Cooper LT Jr. Myocarditis. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. In a comprehensive analysis of 1,626 myocarditis cases in the U.S. VAERS, Oster, et al., concluded the highest rates of VAM are concentrated in young males, as follows: 6 70.6 per million in males 12-15 years 105.9 per million in males 16-17 years 52.4 per million for Pfizer-BioNTech and 56.3 million for Moderna per million in males 18-24 years. Seek medical care if you or your child have any of the specific or general symptoms of myocarditis or pericarditis especially if its within a week after COVID-19 vaccination. The Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) Initiative is taking place at 80 centers across the country. Current guidelines from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology recommend exercise restriction until the heart recovers.. CDC and FDA will continue to closely monitor reports of myocarditis after receipt of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines and will bring any additional data to ACIP for consideration. Comparisons of the risk of myopericarditis between COVID-19 patients and individuals receiving COVID-19 vaccines: a population-based study. CDC is not responsible for the content Among patients in a large Israeli health care system who had received at least one dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, the estimated incidence of myocarditis was 2.13 cases per 100,000 persons; the . The researchers found only 1 case per 71,400 vaccinated with Pfizer-BioNTech and 1 case per 23,800 vaccinated with Moderna. Results: Using myocarditis cases reported to VAERS with onset within 7 days after dose 2 of an mRNA vaccine, crude reporting rates (i.e., using confirmed and unconfirmed cases) per million second dose recipients were calculated using national COVID-19 vaccine administration data as of June 11, 2021. In addition, CDC has updated patient education and communication materials reflecting this information for the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna****** COVID-19 vaccines; these are important to ensure that vaccine recipients, especially males aged 1229 years, are aware of increased risk for myocarditis and to seek care if they develop symptoms of myocarditis. Data were used for the most recent week not subject to reporting delays prior to the ACIP meeting. Its important to remember that any vaccine can cause side effects. Reporting rates of myocarditis > background rates for males (12-49 years, depending upon dose and manufacturer) and females (after dose 2, 12-29 . The y-axis range differs between panels A and B. The risk of getting myocarditis from a COVID-19 vaccine is less than 1%. 2022 Jul 13;378:e069445. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. Reports of Guillain-Barr Syndrome After COVID-19 Vaccination in the United States. The ACIP recommendation for use of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines under an EUA is interim and will be updated as additional information becomes available. Regarding health equity considerations, racial and ethnic minority groups have higher rates of COVID-19 and severe disease*****; potential changes in vaccine policy, or anything that would affect vaccination coverage for adolescents or young adults, might disproportionately affect those groups with the highest rates of poor COVID-19 outcomes. Vaccination with BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna). Abara WE, Gee J, Marquez P, Woo J, Myers TR, DeSantis A, Baumblatt JAG, Woo EJ, Thompson D, Nair N, Su JR, Shimabukuro TT, Shay DK. <>/ExtGState<>/Pattern<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 960 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. **** https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/COVIDNet/COVID19_5.html. COVID-19 Vaccinations in the United States. 2023 Feb 11;15(2):508. doi: 10.3390/v15020508. Men and boys between the ages of 16 and 29 have been most often affected by COVID-19vaccine-related myocarditis, usually a few days after their second dose.5 Myocarditis may be due to their strong immune response to the vaccine. Patone, M., Mei, X. W., Handunnetthi, L., Dixon, S., Zaccardi, F., Shankar-Hari, M., Watkinson, P., Khunti, K., Harnden, A., Coupland, C., Channon, K. M., Mills, N. L., Sheikh, A., & Hippisley-Cox, J. A histopathologic definition and classification. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. 8600 Rockville Pike All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. Parents should speak with their childrens health care providers regarding the benefits and risks of vaccination against COVID-19. The median interval from vaccination to symptom onset was 2 days (range=040 days); 92% of patients experienced onset of symptoms within 7 days of vaccination. Acta Paediatr 2021;110:220811. Myocarditis reporting rates were 40.6 cases per million second doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines administered to males aged 1229 years and 2.4 per million second doses administered to males aged 30 years; reporting rates among females in these age groups were 4.2 and 1.0 per million second doses, respectively. As of now, the FDA Fact Sheet for Moderna's shot says "Myocarditis and pericarditis have occurred . Males comprised 82% of the myocarditis cases for whom sex was reported. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7027e2external icon. Chavda VP, Bezbaruah R, Valu D, Patel B, Kumar A, Prasad S, Kakoti BB, Kaushik A, Jesawadawala M. Vaccines (Basel). 76% were classified as mild and 22% intermediate. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. We dont know exactly how often this happens, but one study estimated that myocarditis affects about 40 people out of every 1,000,000 people who test positive for COVID-19.3 However, myocarditis is much more common in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 (226 per 100,000). Payne AB, Gilani Z, Godfred-Cato S, et al. Information regarding the risk for myocarditis with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines should be disseminated to providers to share with vaccine recipients. July 5, 2022, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Benefits of COVID-19 vaccines outweigh a very small risk of heart complications, You can learn more about myocarditis symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment from the NHLBI, Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program, Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER), CONNECTS-Collaborative Cohort of Cohorts for COVID-19 Research (CONNECTS-C4R), https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations_vacc-total-admin-rate-total, https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001001, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01630-0, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.08.013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12471-022-01677-9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.046, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.01.037, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-022-02007-0, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2021.12.006, https://doi.org/10.1177/01410768211052589, https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.05.21264581. NHLBI-supported research aims to identify the causes of lasting heart and lung symptoms of COVID-19, find ways to prevent these problems, and improve treatment to promote rapid healing. Overall, the investigators found 2.13 myocarditis cases per 100,000 peopleagain, about a 0.002% incidencewith the highest incidence in men 16 to 29 years old, where it was 10.69 cases per 100,000 people, or a 0.011% incidence (95% CIs, 1.56 to 2.70 and 6.93 to 14.46, respectively). https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/ensuringsafety/monitoring/cisa/index.html. Were currently supporting two large studies looking at long-term effects of COVID-19, including myocarditis and other heart conditions. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. <>/Metadata 2557 0 R/ViewerPreferences 2558 0 R>> doi: 10.1136/bmj-2021-069445. Patients can usually return to their normal daily activities after their symptoms improve. Per million second doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine administered to males aged 1229 years, 11,000 COVID-19 cases, 560 hospitalizations, 138 ICU admissions, and six deaths due to COVID-19 could be prevented, compared with 3947 expected myocarditis cases after COVID-19 vaccination (Table 2). For Moderna's vaccine, rates of myocarditis or pericarditis overall were 23 cases per million first doses and 62.5 cases per million second doses. Mary Chamberland, Thomas Clark, Amanda Cohn, Frank DeStefano, Ruth Gallego, Alice Guh, Theresa Harrington, Fiona P. Havers, Lauri Hicks, Amelia Jazwa, Tara Johnson, Brian Kit, Paige Marquez, Sarah Mbaeyi, Elaine Miller, Hannah Rosenblum, Monica Parise, Kadam Patel, Pragati Prasad, David Shay, Jamila Shields, Christopher A. Taylor, Joshua Wong, CDC COVID-19 Response Team; Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) Project; Vaccine Safety Datalink; Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration; Voting members of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices: Kevin A. Ault, University of Kansas Medical Center; Lynn Bahta, Minnesota Department of Health; Henry Bernstein, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Cohen Childrens Medical Center; Beth Bell, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Wilbur Chen, University of Maryland School of Medicine; Sharon E. Frey, Saint Louis University Medical School; Camille Kotton, Harvard Medical School; Sarah Long, Drexel University College of Medicine; Katherine A. Poehling, Wake Forest School of Medicine; Pablo J. Snchez, The Research Institute at Nationwide Childrens Hospital. Observed cases of myocarditis reported to VAERS after Moderna dose 2, 7-day risk period (N=216)* Age group, years Females Males Cases of myopericarditis, expected Cases of . Myocarditisisinflammation of the heart muscle. Americans received more than 590 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines between December 2020 and June 2022.1 The most intensive safety monitoring system in U.S. history has made it possible to detect even very rare COVID-19 vaccine side effects, including myocarditis, which is inflammation of the heart muscle. Disclaimer. Members of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices COVID-19 Vaccines Work Group: Edward Belongia, Center for Clinical Epidemiology & Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute; Dayna Bowen Matthew, George Washington University Law School; Oliver Brooks, National Medical Association; Jillian Doss-Walker, Indian Health Service; Marci Drees, Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; Jeffrey Duchin, Infectious Diseases Society of America; Kathy Kinlaw, Center for Ethics, Emory University; Doran Fink, Food and Drug Administration; Sandra Fryhofer, American Medical Association; Jason M. Goldman, American College of Physicians; Michael Hogue, American Pharmacists Association; Denise Jamieson, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Jeffery Kelman, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; David Kim, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Susan Lett, Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists; Kendra McMillan, American Nurses Association; Kathleen Neuzil, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine; Sean OLeary, American Academy of Pediatrics; Christine Oshansky, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority; Stanley Perlman, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa; Marcus Plescia, Association of State and Territorial Health Officials; Chris Roberts, National Institutes of Health; William Schaffner, National Foundation for Infectious Diseases; Kenneth Schmader, American Geriatrics Society; Bryan Schumacher, Department of Defense; Rob Schechter, Association of Immunization Managers; Jonathan Temte, American Academy of Family Physicians; Peter Szilagyi, University of California, Los Angeles; Matthew Tunis, National Advisory Committee on Immunization Secretariat, Public Health Agency of Canada; Thomas Weiser, Indian Health Service; Matt Zahn, National Association of County and City Health Officials; Rachel Zhang, Food and Drug Administration. The clinical presentation and severity of myocarditis vary among patients. Dr Edwards reported receiving grants from the National Institutes of Health; receiving personal fees from BioNet, IBM, X-4 Pharma, Seqirus, Roche, Pfizer, Merck, Moderna, and Sanofi; and receiving compensation for being the associate editor of Clinical Infectious Diseases. endobj To assess the benefit-risk balance of mRNA vaccines in adolescents and young adults, ACIP reviewed an individual-level assessment that compared the benefits (i.e., COVID-19 infections and severe disease prevented) to the risks (number of cases of myocarditis) of vaccination, using methods similar to those described previously. Specifically, the benefits per million second doses administered (i.e., the benefits of being fully vaccinated in accordance with the FDA EUA) were assessed, including 1) COVID-19 cases prevented based on rates the week of May 29, 2021; 2) COVID-19 hospitalizations prevented based on rates the week of May 22, 2021; and 3) COVID-19 intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and deaths prevented based on the proportion of hospitalized patients who were admitted to the ICU or died. If you have any health problems after vaccination, report them toVAERS. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. 2023 Feb 1;6(2):e2253845. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration on Friday added a warning to patient and provider fact sheets for the Pfizer and Moderna Covid-19 vaccines to indicate a rare risk of heart inflammation. ** The ACIP COVID-19 Vaccines Safety Technical (VaST) Work Group, comprising independent vaccine safety expert consultants, had also reviewed safety data on myocarditis after receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines at its weekly meetings. I doubt we'll ever know. Broken down by age and sex, a second dose of the Moderna vaccine was associated with a higher rate of myocarditis or pericarditis compared with a second dose of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine among males ages 18 to 24 (adjusted rate ratio 6.6; 95% CI 3.3-13.2) and 25 to 39 (adjusted rate ratio 5.1; 95% CI 2.3-11.5), as well as females ages 18 to . Most patients with myocarditis or pericarditis who received care responded well to medicine and rest and felt better quickly. Unfortunately, inflammation in the heart muscle can lead to serious complications, including heart failure, shock, or death. Many people have no side effects at all. The median age of the 323 patients meeting CDCs case definitions was 19 years (range=1229 years); 291 were male, and 32 were female. Information on v-safe is available at https://www.cdc.gov/vsafe. Among recipients of either vaccine, there were only 13 reports or less of myocarditis beyond 10 days for any individual time from vaccination to symptom onset. People who experience a serious side effect of a vaccine or other medical products for COVID-19 may be eligible for compensation under the federal Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program. Feelings of having a fast-beating, fluttering, or pounding heart Myocarditis and pericarditis have rarely been reported. Kyt V, Sipil J, Rautava P. The effects of gender and age on occurrence of clinically suspected myocarditis in adulthood. The benefits (prevention of COVID-19 disease and associated hospitalizations, ICU admissions, and deaths) outweighed the risks (expected myocarditis cases after vaccination) in all populations for which vaccination has been recommended. You can learn more about myocarditis symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment from the NHLBI. Pericarditisis inflammation of the outer lining of the heart. When reported, the cases have especially been in adolescents and young adult males within several days after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination (Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Even though the studies were among the largest vaccine trials in history, they were not large enough to detect very rare complications like myocarditis that occur only a few times per million vaccinations. You can review and change the way we collect information below. Cardiac Complications After SARS-CoV-2 Infection and mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination PCORnet, United States, January 2021-January 2022. Abbreviations: AV = atrioventricular; cMRI=cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; ECG or EKG=electrocardiogram. A, For the BNT162b2 vaccine, there were 138 reported cases of myocarditis with known date for symptom onset and dose after 114246837 first vaccination doses and 888 reported cases after 95532396 second vaccination doses. Myocarditis after RNA-based vaccines for coronavirus. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. Pediatrics 2011;127(Suppl 1):S4553. Abbreviations: ICU=intensive care unit; VAERS = Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. At that meeting, a chart showed that through early June, there was a higher rate of myocarditis among people who received Moderna than Pfizer-BioNTech about 20 per 1 million doses for. Dr Lopes reported receiving personal fees from Bayer, Boehringer Ingleheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Medtronic, Merck, Pfizer, Portola, and Sanofi and receiving grants from Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Medtronic, Pfizer, and Sanofi. The most common symptoms are chest pain, fever, fatigue, shortness of breath, and a rapid or irregular pulse. and/or the original MMWR paper copy for printable versions of official text, figures, and tables. If you have already gotten the first dose of Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccine, or if your child has already gotten the first dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, its important to get the second dose unless a vaccination provider or your doctor tells you not to get it. On 9 July 2021, the COVID-19 subcommittee of the WHO Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS) issued a statement regarding reports of myocarditis and pericarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (1). Based on ACIPs conclusion regarding the benefit-risk assessment on June 23, 2021, COVID-19 vaccination continues to be recommended for all persons aged 12 years under the FDAs EUA. Healthcare Providers: For additional recommendations and clinical guidance, visit Clinical Considerations: Myocarditis after mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines. CDC twenty four seven. More often after the second dose Males under age 40 who received the Moderna vaccine were shown to have the highest rates of myocarditis, and the researchers said the study's findings support the idea of recommending. Hamedi KR, Loftus G, Traylor L, Goodwin R, Arce S. Vaccines (Basel). ** https://www.cdc.gov/mis/hcp/index.html, https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000239?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed#d3e785external icon. Six awards are related to COVID-19related myocarditis. OR, infants and children aged <12 years might instead have 2 of the following symptoms: troponin level above upper limit of normal (any type of troponin), Histopathologic confirmation of myocarditis, abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) or rhythm monitoring findings consistent with myocarditis, abnormal cardiac function or wall motion abnormalities on echocardiogram, cMRI findings consistent with myocarditis, No other identifiable cause of the symptoms and findings. MMWR and Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report are service marks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. FLEG: The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) recommends COVID-19 vaccination for children as young as 6 months. The rate is significantly higher - 450 cases per million infections. Most had other health conditions, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or obesity, that raised their risk for serious COVID-19 illness.4. SARS-CoV-2 can cause serious heart problems by infecting heart cells and by causing inflammation that injures the heart muscle. In young people aged 12-17 years (boys and girls combined), the rate of myocarditis or myopericarditis in Denmark was 1 per 100 000 with BNT162b2 compared with 18.5 per 100 000 in Hong Kong,3 and roughly 7 per 100 000 in Israel (ages 16-19 years).2 In 12-39 year old males after the second dose of BNT162b2, the incidence of myocarditis or . A recent study classifying Long COVID into four types can help health care providers better target treatments for a patients specific symptoms. That means the vaccines protect heart health. Myopericarditis after vaccination, Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 1990-2018. Rates of myocarditis and pericarditis were higher with the Moderna vaccine in both males and . Drs Barnett, Ruberg, and Smith reported receiving grants from Pfizer. Yes. On June 23, 2021, after reviewing available evidence including that for risks of myocarditis, ACIP determined that the benefits of using mRNA COVID-19 vaccines under the FDAs EUA clearly outweigh the risks in all populations, including adolescents and young adults. The benefit-risk analysis can be updated as needed to reflect changes in the COVID-19 pandemic and additional information on the risk for and outcomes of myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination. Between 2001 and 2020, the Institute has funded 139 myocarditis studies at a cost of $43.6 million. The risk after both doses of the Moderna vaccine in people age 18 to 39 was as much as 37 times as high as in the general population, and the rate after two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Adenoviral Vector-Based Vaccine Platform for COVID-19: Current Status. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Law, Y. M., Lal, A. K., Chen, S., ihkov, D., Cooper, L. T., Jr, Deshpande, S., Godown, J., Grosse-Wortmann, L., Robinson, J. D., Towbin, J.
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